All Issue

2022 Vol.44, Issue 3 Preview Page

Article

Connectivity and Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas on the West Coast of Korea within the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem
Eun-Kyung Lee12
,
Junseok Lee1
,
Chang-Rae Lee3
,
Keun-Hyung Choi1*
1Department of Marine Environmental Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
2Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49112, Korea
3Department of Environmental Ecology, GeoSystem Research Coporation, Gunpo 15807, Korea
*Corresponding Author
30 September 2022. pp. 249-260
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This mini review examines the habitat connectivity and effectiveness of Korean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) region. We first reemphasize that the Korean region of the YSLME is a single ecosystem (ecoregion) given the biophysical distribution patterns. The MPAs within the YSLME contribute about 50% to the total MPAs in Korea, accounting for about 10% of the territorial sea waters of Korea and 20% of the waters of YSLME on the Korean side. By area, national parks account for nearly 45% of the MPAs, followed by the wetland protected areas at 25%, with other types of MPA comprising the remaining 30%. Large MPA (> 100 km2) is the dominant type of MPA, accounting for 90% of the total area. We find that MPAs in the region are connected physically and perhaps also genetically. However, the level of protection was found to be low, and a no-take zone is rarely implemented. In addition, interrupted freshwater discharge caused by river-mouth dams poses a major hindrance to the physical connectivity of the MPAs. Restoration of the river-mouth dams and strengthened regulation on MPAs, with further expansion of MPAs in line with the current development of post-2020 global biodiversity frameworks, should be priorities for better management of marine resources. The newly revised law incorporating the concept of “Marine Ecosystem Axis Management” would reinforce the processes, and their effectiveness together with overall management of MPAs in Korea should be evaluated by designing appropriate measurement tools.

Keywords
marine protected area
YSLME
habitat connectivity
ecosystem conservation
References
1
An N, Kim YH, Lee SW, Choi KH (2021) Effects of concentrated freshwater discharge on hydrography and mesozooplankton community in a dammed estuary. Ocean Sci J 56(1):86-95 10.1007/s12601-021-00007-1
2
Balbar AC, Metaxas A (2019) The current application of ecological connectivity in the design of marine protected areas. Glob Ecol Conserv 17:e00569 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00569
3
Carr MH, Robinson SP, Wahle C, Davis G, Kroll S, Murray S, Schumacker EJ, Williams M (2017) The central importance of ecological spatial connectivity to effective coastal marine protected areas and to meeting the challenges of climate change in the marine environment. Aquat Conserv 27:6-29 10.1002/aqc.2800
4
Chae DR (2012) Key recommendations for MPA Management in Korea. J Korean Soc Mar Environ Saf 18(3):207-212 10.7837/kosomes.2012.18.3.207
5
Choi S, Park S (2004) Directions to improve management systems about marine protected areas in Korea, Korea Maritime Institute, Seoul, 136 p
6
Choi SA, Schnier KE, Han GS, Kim DH (2004) Basic research on the effects of marine protected areas. Korea Maritime Institute, 103 p
7
Dahlgren C (2014) Review of the benefits of no-take zones: a report to the wildlife conservation society. WildLife Conservation Society, New York, 104 p
8
Dahms HU, Tseng LC, Hwang JS (2015) Biogeographic distribution of the cyclopoid copepod genus Oithonafrom mesoscales to global scales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 467:26-32 10.1016/j.jembe.2015.02.009
9
Dehens LA, Fanning LM (2018) What counts in making marine protected areas (MPAs) count? The role of legitimacy in MPA success in Canada. Ecol Indic 86:45-57 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.026
10
FAO (2011) FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries. FAO, Rome, 198 p
11
Friedl G, Wüest A (2002) Disrupting biogeochemical cycles- Consequences of damming. Aquat Sci 64:55-65 10.1007/s00027-002-8054-0
12
Gill DA, Mascia MB, Ahmadia GN, Glew L, Lester SE, Barnes M, Craigie I, Darling ES, Free CM, Geldmann J, Holst S, Jensen OP, White AT, Basurto X, Coad L, Gates RD, Guannel G, Mumby PJ, Thomas H, Whitmee S, Woodley S, Fox HE (2017) Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature 543(7647):665-669 10.1038/nature2170828329771
13
Gillanders B (2002) Connectivity between juvenile and adult fish populations: do adults remain near their recruitment estuaries? Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 240:215-223 10.3354/meps240215
14
Gillanders BM, Able KW, Brown JA, Eggleston DB, Sheridan PF (2003) Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 247:281-295 10.3354/meps247281
15
Hwang SD, Rhow JG (2010) Seasonal variation in species composition of estuarine fauna collected by a stow net in the Han River estuary on the mid-western coast of Korea. The Sea 15:72-85
16
Hwang SW, Choi KH, Hwang H, Kim CK, Lee TW (2015) Migration history and habitat use by Javelin goby Synechogobius hasta as inferred from Otolith Sr: Ca ratios. J Coastal Res 31(2):299-304 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00204.1
17
IUCN (2013) Guidelines for applying protected area management categories including IUCN WCPA best practice guidance on recognising protected areas and assigning management categories and governance types. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, 143 p
18
Jeong JM, Yoo JT, Kim H, Lee SK, Go WJ, Kim Y (2015) Species composition of fish collected by a gape net with wings in the coastal waters of Jindo, Korea. J Fish Aquat Sci 48(5):783-788 10.5657/KFAS.2015.0783
19
Kelleher G (1999) Guidelines for marine protected areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, 127 p 10.2305/IUCN.CH.1999.PAG.3.en
20
Kwon YJ, Park SH, Jin SJ (2020) Economic feasibility analysis of restoration project of the Bunam Lake in Cheonsu Bay. J Environ Pol Admin 28:163-183 10.15301/jepa.2020.28.1.163
21
Lee DY, Lee SJ, Woo SB (2015) Coastal and estuary ecological restoration international forum. Chungnam Research Institute, Gongju, 152 p
22
Lee S, Park C, Lee D, Lee J (2014) Effects of freshwater discharge on plankton in Cheonsu Bay, Korea during the rainy season. The Sea 19(1):41-52 10.7850/jkso.2014.19.1.41
23
Lim YK, Baek SH, Lee M, Kim YO, Choi KH, Kim JH (2019) Phytoplankton composition associated with physical and chemical variables during summer in the southern sea of Korea: implication of the succession of the two toxic dinoflagellates Cochlodinium (aka Margalefidinium) polykrikoides and Alexandrium affine. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 516:51-66 10.1016/j.jembe.2019.05.006
24
Liu BJ, Zhang BD, Xue DX, Gao TX, Liu JX (2016) Population structure and adaptive divergence in a high gene flow marine fish: the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis). PLoS One 11(4):e0154020 10.1371/journal.pone.015402027100462PMC4839715
25
Lowe WH, Allendorf FW (2010) What can genetics tell us about population connectivity? Mol Ecol 19:3038-3051 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04688.x20618697
26
Sciberras M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez D, Ponge B, Jackson E (2013) Criteria for assessing ecological coherence of MPA networks: a review. Marine Institute University of Plymouth and the Agence des Marines Protegees, Plymouth, 52 p
27
Meynecke JO (2009) Coastal habitat connectivity? implications for declared fish habitat networks in Queensland, Australia. Pac Conserv Biol 15(2):96-101 10.1071/PC090096
28
Meynecke JO, Lee SY, Duke NC, Warnken J (2007) Relationships between estuarine habitats and coastal fisheries in Queensland, Australia. B Mar Sci 80(3):773-793
29
MOF (2021a) Act on the conservation and management of marine ecosystems of Korea. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. https://www.law.go.kr Accessed 3 Dec 2021
30
MOF (2021b) Regulations on establishment and management of marine spatial management plan. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. https://www.law.go.kr Accessed 6 Dec 2021
31
MOF (2021c) Fisheries resources management law. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsId=010965#0000 Accessed 6 Dec 2021
32
Naimie CE, Blain CA, Lynch DR (2001) Seasonal mean circulation in the Yellow Sea - a model-generated climatology. Cont Shelf Res 21:667-695 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00102-3
33
Nam JH (2010) The analysis and suggestion on the maritime spatial planning issues in South Korea. Mar Territ 5:11-26
34
Park SJ, Choi SM, Kim CW, Kim DK (2019) KMI Korea maritime weekly report vol. 154. Korea Maritime Institute. https://www.kmi.re.kr/web/trebook/view.do?rbsIdx=273&page=6&idx=172 Accessed 16 Nov 2021
35
Satheeshkumar P (2011) Intertidal Amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Pondicherry mangroves, Southeast Coast of India. J Nat Sci Res 1:34-38
36
Sin Y, Lee E, Lee Y, Shin KH (2015) The river-estuarine continuum of nutrients and phytoplankton communities in an estuary physically divided by a sea dike. Estuar Coast Shelf S 163:279-289 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.12.028
37
Song N, Liu M, Yanagimoto T, Sakurai Y, Han ZQ, Gao TX (2016) Restricted gene flow for Gadus macrocephalus from Yellow Sea based on microsatellite markers: geographic block of Tsushima Current. Int J Mol Sci 17(4): 467 10.3390/ijms1704046727043534PMC4848923
38
Spalding MD, Fox HE, Allen GR, Davidson N, Ferdaña ZA, Finlayson M, Halpern BS, Jorge MA, Lombana A, Lourie SA, Martin KD, McManus E, Molnar J, Recchia CA, Robertson J (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57(7):573-583 10.1641/B570707
39
Tsioumani E (2020) Convention on biological diversity: a review of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework working group negotiations. Environ Policy Law 50:55-59 10.3233/EPL-200207
40
Walton M (2010) Biodiversity conservation and the Yellow Sea large marine ecosystem project. J Kor Soc Mar Env Energ 13:335-340
41
Wang L, Du F, Wang X, Li Y, Ning J (2017) Distribution and role of the genus Oithona (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in the South China Sea. Oceanologia 59(3):300-310 10.1016/j.oceano.2017.03.009
42
Wongkamhaeng K, Paphavasit N, Bussarawit S, Nabhitabhata J (2009) Seagrass gammarid amphipods of Libong Island, Trang Province, Thailand. Trop Nat Hist 9(1):69-83
43
Ying Y, Gao T, Miao Z (2011) Genetic differentiation of Japanese sardinella (Sardinella zunasi) populations in the Northwest Pacific revealed by ISSR analysis. J Ocean Univ China 10:417-424 10.1007/s11802-011-1830-5
44
Yook GH, Nam JH, Choi JY, Choi HJ (2005) Problems and policy directions in Korea's marine protected area management. Mar Fisher 249:63-83
45
Yook KH, Shin CO, Lee YJ, Nam JH, Park SJ (2014) The measures to strengthen effectiveness of Marine Protected Area (MPA) through policy network analysis. Korea Maritime Institute Busan, 268 p
Information
  • Publisher :Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국해양과학기술원
  • Journal Title :Ocean and Polar Research
  • Journal Title(Ko) :Ocean and Polar Research
  • Volume : 44
  • No :3
  • Pages :249-260
  • Received Date : 2022-01-14
  • Revised Date : 2022-06-23
  • Accepted Date : 2022-07-13
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2022019
Journal Informaiton Ocean and Polar Research Ocean and Polar Research
Online Submission
Archives
: 2019 ~ 이전
  • scopus_OPR
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close