All Issue

2025 Vol.47 Preview Page

Article

Ongoing South China Sea Dispute: Is it Permitted for Continental States to Establish an Archipelagic Regime in their Outlying Archipelagos?

끝나지 않은 남중국해 분쟁: 대륙국가의 원양군도 체제는 인정될 수 있는가?

Minchul Kim1
,
Hee Cheol Yang2*
김 민철1
,
양 희철2*
1Yumin International Law Institute, Seoul 04201, Korea
2Ocean Law and Policy Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Korea
1유민국제법연구소 (04201) 서울 마포구 마포대로 246 103동 105호
2한국해양과학기술원 해양법‧정책연구소 (49111) 부산 영도구 해양로 385
*Corresponding Author
2 April 2025. pp. 1-21
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This article explores the controversies between the United States (US) and China regarding the renewed attention given to China’s claims for an archipelagic regime encompassing four groups of islands in the South China Sea, following the 2016 arbitral award. It examines whether continental States, rather than archipelagic States, can establish straight baselines enclosing their outlying archipelagos in light of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and contemporary State practice. Following the 2016 South China Sea award, this issue became a key point of sharp debate between the US and China, particularly regarding China’s attempts to justify its claims to maritime jurisdiction within the nine-dash line. Although the claims of continental States for an archipelagic regime were not accepted during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, it cannot be definitively concluded that the practice of continental States establishing straight baselines around their outlying archipelagos is entirely precluded from evolving into customary international law. However, considering current State practice, it is difficult to argue that the recognition of an archipelagic regime for outlying archipelagos by continental States has met the requirements for the formation of a part of customary international law.

Keywords
South China Sea
archipelago
baseline
customary international law
UNCLOS
References
1

김대순 (2020) 국제법론(제20판). 삼영사, 서울, 1733 p

2

김영구 (2004) 한국과 바다의 국제법. 21세기 북스, 서울, 992 p

3

김찬규 (1973) Archipelago Theory에 관한 연구. 국제법학회논총 18(1):87-107

4

서영민 (2023) 중국과 서구의 국제법관 충돌과 국제해양법의 전개. 국제법학회논총 68(4):53-97

10.46406/kjil.2023.12.68.4.053
5

정인섭 (2024) 신국법강의(제14판). 박영사, 서울, 1344 p

6

AJIL (1930) Official documents: bases of discussion drawn up for the conference by the preparatory committee. Am J Int Law 24(S1):9-79

7

Andrés P (1994) Spain and the law of the sea: selected problems. Archiv des Völkerrecht 32(2):202-219

8

Arbitral Tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (2016) The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China), Award of the Arbitral Tribunal, 12 July 2016. https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086 Accessed 25 Oct 2024

9

Australia (2020) N° 20/026, 23 July 2020. The Permanent Mission of the Commonwealth of Australia to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/2020_07_23_AUS_NV_UN_001_OLA-2020-00373.pdf Accessed 17 Nov 2024

10

Blinken AJ (2024), Secretary of State's press statement: eighth anniversary of the Philippines-PRC South China Sea arbitral tribunal ruling, 11 July 2024. The Secretary of State of the United States. https://2021-2025.state.gov/eighth-anniversary-of-the-philippines-prc-south-china-sea-arbitral-tribunal-ruling Accessed 31 Jan 2025

11

Churchill R, Lowe V (1999) The law of the sea, 3rd edition. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 544 p

12

Churchill R, Lowe V, Sander A (2022) The law of the sea, 4th edition. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 968 p

10.7765/9781526159038
13

CLCS (2022) Progress of work in the commission on the limits of the continental shelf: statement by the chair, fifty-fifth session (New York, 5 July-19 August 2022). The Chair of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. https://docs.un.org/en/CLCS/55/2 Accessed 25 Oct 2024

14

CSIL (2018) The South China Sea arbitration awards: a critical study. Chin J Int Law 17(2):207-748

10.1093/chinesejil/jmy012
15

CSIS (2019) Reading between the lines: the next spratly legal dispute, 21 March 2019. The Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://amti.csis.org/reading-between-lines-next-spratly-dispute Accessed 14 Dec 2024

16

DOALOS (2014) Law of the sea bulletin No. 83. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations, New York, 77 p

10.18356/f03bdd44-en
17

France (2020) BF N° 2020-0343647, 16 September 2020. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/2020_09_16_FRA_NV_UN_001_EN.pdf Accessed 17 Nov 2024

18

Germany (2020) No. 324/2020, 16 September 2020. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/2020_09_16_DEU_NV_UN_001.pdf Accessed 20 Dec 2024

19

Gertz B (2017) Beijing adopts new tactic for S. China Sea Claims. Washington free beacon, 21 September 2017. Washington Free Beacon. https://freebeacon.com/national-security/beijing-adopts-new-tactic-s-china-sea-claims Accessed 5 Oct 2024

20

ICJ (1951) Fisheries case (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment of 18 December 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951. International Court of Justice. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/5/005-19511218-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

21

ICJ (1969) North Sea continental shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark: Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969. International Court of Justice. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/52/052-19690220-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

22

ICJ (2022) Alleged violations of sovereign rights and maritime spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2022. International Court of Justice. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/155/155-20220421-jud-01-00-en.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

23

India (1976) The territorial waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act, 1976. Act No. 80 of 28 May 1976. The Republic of India. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/IND_1976_Act.pdf Accessed 20 Sep 2024

24

India (2009) The gazette of India: extraordinary, No. 736, 11 May 2009. The Republic of India. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DEPOSIT/ind_mzn7x_2009.pdf Accessed 20 Sep 2024

25

Japan (2021) SC/21/002, 19 January 2021. The Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/20210119JpnNvUn001OLA202000373.pdf Accessed 20 Sep 2024

26

Knight G, Chiu H (1991) The international law of the sea. Elsevier Applied Science, London/New York, 947 p

27

Kopela S (2013) Dependent archipelagos in the law of the sea. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 340 p

10.1163/9789004245693
28

Ku J, Mirasola C (2017) The South China Sea and China's "Four Sha" claim. lawfare, 25 September 2017. Lawfare. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/south-china-sea-and-chinas-four-sha-claim-new-legal-theory-same-bad-argument Accessed 5 Oct 2024

29

Lin J (2024) Spokesperson's regular press conference. PRC MOFA, 12 July 2024. The Ministry of Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/fyrbt/lxjzh/202407/t20240730_11463258.html Accessed 16 Nov 2024

30

Malaysia (2019) Partial submission to the commission on the limits of the continental shelf pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8 of the United Nations convention on the law of the sea 1982 in the South China Sea, part I: executive summary submitted to the CLCS in December 2019. The Government of the Malaysia. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys85_2019/20171128_MYS_ES_DOC_001_secured.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

31

Mani VS (1980) National jurisdiction: islands and archipelagos. In: Anand RP (ed) Law of the sea: caracas and beyond. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp 82-110

32

Marcus T (2017) Article 46: use of terms. In: Proelss A (ed) The United Nations convention on the law of the sea: a commentary. C.H.Beck/Hart/Nomos, München/Oxford/Baden-Baden, pp 334-352

33

New Zealand (2021) 08/21/02, 3 August 2021. The Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/20210803NzNote.pdf Accessed 20 Sep 2024

34

Nordquist MH, Nandan SN, Rosenne S, Grandy NR (1985) United Nations convention on the law of the sea 1982: a commentary, vol. I. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster, 512 p

35

Nordquist MH, Nandan SN, Rosenne S, Grandy NR (1993) United Nations convention on the law of the sea 1982: a commentary, vol. II. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1088 p

36

Philippines (1958) Philippines: proposal, UN. Doc. A/CONF.13/C.1/L.98, 1 April 1958. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1958_los/docs/english/vol_3/a_conf13_c1_l86_127.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

37

Philippines (2015) Supplemental written submissions: arbitration under Annex VII of the United Nations convention on the law of the sea (Republic of The Philippines v. People's Republic of China), Vol. I. The Philippines, 16 March 2015. The Republic of the Philippines. https://files.pca-cpa.org/pcadocs/Supplemental%20Written%20Submission%20Volume%20I.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

38

Philippines (2024) A partial submission of data and information on the outer limits of the continental shelf of the Republic of the Philippines in the West Palawan region pursuant to article 76 of the United Nations convention on the law of the seas: Part I - executive summary submitted to the CLCS in June 2024. The Government of the Philippines. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/phl1/2023PhlEsDoc001Secured.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

39

Portugal (1985) Decree-law No. 495/85 of 29 November 1985. Portuguese Republic. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PRT_1985_Decree.pdf Accessed 10 Jun 2024

40

PRC (1996) Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baseline of the territorial sea of the people's Republic of China, 15 May 1996. The Government of the People's Republic of China. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DEPOSIT/chn_mzn7_1996.pdf Accessed 17 Oct 2024

41

PRC (2014) Position paper of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the matter of jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines, 7 December 2014. The Government of the People's Republic of China.. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/snhwt lcwj_1/201606/t20160602_8527286.htm Accessed 17 Oct 2024

42

PRC (2016a) Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea, 12 July 2016. The Government of the People's Republic of China. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367335.html Accessed 5 Oct 2024

43

PRC (2016b) China Adheres to the position of settling through negotiation the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, 13 July 2016. The Government of the People's Republic of China.. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367336.html Accessed 10 Jun 2024

44

PRC (2019) CML/14/2019, 12 December 2019. The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys85_2019/CML_14_2019_E.pdf Accessed 10 Jun 2024

45

PRC (2020) CML/63/2020, 18 September 2020. The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/2020_09_18_CHN_NV_UN_009_e.pdf Accessed 17 Oct 2024

46

PRC (2021) CML/32/2021, 16 August 2021. The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/20210816ChnNvUNen.pdf Accessed 10 Jun 2024

47

PRC (2024a) NO.D.167/2024, 18 June 2024. The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/phl1/20240618ChnNvUnEng.pdf Accessed 17 Oct 2024

48

PRC (2024b) NO.D.229/2024, 29 July 2024. The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm95_24/20240729ChnNvUn001E.pdf Accessed 17 Oct 2024

49

PRC (2025) NO.D.034/2025, 28 February 2025. The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/20250228CH.pdf Accessed 10 Mar 2025

50

Rajan HP (1986) The legal regime of archipelagos. GYIL 29:137-153

51

Roach JA, Smith RW (2012) Excessive maritime claims, 3rd edition. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden/Boston, 925 p

10.1163/9789004217720
52

Robles R (2024) Philippines moves to define sea routes, strengthening sovereignty against China. South China Morning Post, 8 October 2024. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3281438/philippines-moves-define-sea-routes-strengthening-sovereignty-against-china Accessed 15 Dec 2024

53

Rodgers PEJ (1981) Midocean archipelagos and international law. Vantage Press, New York, 243 p

54

Spain (1978) Act No. 15/1978 on the Economic Zone of 20 February 1978. The Kingdom of Spain. https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/ESP_1978_Act.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

55

Spain (2010) Law No. 44/2010 of December 30 on the Waters of the Canary Islands. The Kingdom of Spain. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/LIS149-Spain.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

56

Stevenson JR, Oxman BH (1975) The third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea: the 1975 Geneva session. Am J Int Law 69(4):763-797

10.2307/2200623
57

Symmons CR (2016) First reactions to the Philippines v China arbitration award concerning the supposed historic claims of China in the South China Sea. APOC 1(2):260-267

10.1163/24519391-00102014
58

Symmons CR (2017) Article 47: archipelagic baselines. In Proelss A (ed) The United Nations convention on the law of the sea: a commentary. C.H.Beck/Hart/Nomos, München/Oxford/Baden-Baden, pp 352-373

69

UK (1999) Agreement between Denmark together with the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, on the one hand, and the UK, on the other hand, relating to Maritime Delimitation in the Area between the Faroe Islands and the UK, 18 May 1999. The Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, on the one hand, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/DNK-GBR1999MD.PDF Accessed 17 Oct 2024

60

UK (2020) NV No. 162/20, 16 September 2020. The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/2020_09_16_GBR_NV_UN_001.pdf Accessed 17 Oct 2024

61

UN (1956) Yearbook of the international law commission 1956, vol. II. United Nations, New York, 312 p

62

UN (1958a) Summary records of the 7th meeting of the first committee. A/CONF.13/C.1/SR.7, 7 March 1958. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1958_los/docs/english/vol_3/sr_6_10.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

63

UN (1958b) Summary records of the 10th meeting of the first committee. A/CONF.13/C.1/SR.10, 11 March 1958. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1958_los/docs/english/vol_3/sr_6_10.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

64

UN (1958c) Summary records of the 52nd meeting of the first committee. A/CONF.13/C.1/SR.52, 17 April 1958. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1958_los/docs/english/vol_3/sr_51_55.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

65

UN (1973) Report of the committee on the peaceful uses of the sea-bed and the ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, vol. III. General assembly official records: twenty-eighth session supplement No. 21, A/9021. United Nations, New York, 126 p

66

UN (1974a), Summary records of the 36th second committee meeting. A/CONF.62/C.2/SR.36, 12 August 1974. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_2/a_conf62_c2_sr36.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

67

UN (1974b) Working paper of the second committee: main trends. In A/CONF.62/L.8/REV.1, 17 Oct 1974. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_3/a_conf62_l8_rev1.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

68

UN (1975) Informal single negotiating text, part II. A/CONF.62/WP.8/PartII, 7 May 1975. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_4/a_conf62_wp8_part2.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

69

UN (1976) Revised single negotiating text, part II. A/CONF.62/WP.8/Rev.1/PartII, 6 May 1976. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_5/a_conf62_wp8_rev1_part2.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

70

UN (1978) Summary records of the 103rd plenary meeting. A/CONF.62/SR.103, 18 May 1978. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_9/a_conf62_sr103.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

71

UN (1980a) Summary records of the 135th plenary meeting. A/CONF.62/SR.135, 25 August 1980. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_14/a_conf62_sr135.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

72

UN (1980b) Summary records of the 136th plenary meeting. A/CONF.62/SR.136, 26 August 1980. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_14/a_conf62_sr136.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

73

UN (1982a) Summary records of the 162nd plenary meeting. A/CONF.62/SR.162, 31 March 1982. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_16/a_conf62_sr162.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

74

UN (1982b) Summary records of the 187th plenary meeting. A/CONF.62/SR.187, 7 December 1982. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_17/a_conf62_sr187.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

75

UN (1982c) Summary records of the 190th plenary meeting. A/CONF.62/SR.190, December 8 1982. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1973_los/docs/english/vol_17/a_conf62_sr190.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

76

UN (2022) Draft conclusions on identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens), with commentaries. A/77/10, 2022. International Law Commission. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/1_14_2022.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

77

US (1970) Straight baselines: faeroes, limits in the seas No. 13. 12 March 1970. The Department of State of the United States. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIS-13.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

78

US (2017) Media note: United States and China Complete dialogue on law of the sea and polar issues. Office of the spokesperson, 29 August 2017. The Department of State of the United States. https://2017-2021.state.gov/united-states-and-china-complete-dialogue-on-law-of-the-sea-and-polar-issues Accessed 25 Oct 2024

79

US (2020a) Letter dated 1 June 2020 from the permanent representative of the United States of America to the UN addressed to the Secretary-General. A/74/874_S/2020/483, 2 June 2020. The Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n20/136/09/pdf/n2013609.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

80

US (2020b) Norway: maritime claims and boundaries, limits in the seas No. 148. 28 August 2020. The Department of State of the United States. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/LIS148-Norway.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

81

US (2020c) Republic of Kiribati: archipelagic and other maritime claims and boundaries, limits in the seas No. 146. 5 March 2020. The Department of State of the United States. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/LIS-146-Kiribati.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

82

US (2020d) Spain: maritime claims and boundaries, limits in the seas No. 149. 23 November 2020. The Department of State of the United States. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/LIS149-Spain.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

83

US (2022a) People's Republic of China: maritime claims in the south china sea, limits in the seas No. 15. January 2022. The Department of State of the United States. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/LIS150-SCS.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

84

US (2022b) People's Republic of China: maritime claims in the south china sea - state practice supplement, limits in the seas No. 150. January 2022. The Department of State of the United States. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/LIS150-SCS-Supplement.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

85

US (2024) Note verbale: legal 2024-174. 5 December 2024. The United States Mission to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm95_24/20241205UsaNvUn001.pdf Accessed 15 Feb 2025

86

Vietnam (2020) No. 22/HC-2020, 30 March 2020. The Permanent Mission of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to the United Nations. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/VN20200330_ENG.pdf Accessed 17 Oct 2024

87

Vietnam (2024) Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, partial submission in respect of Vietnam's extended continental shelf: central area (VNM-C): Part I - Executive Summary, submitted to the CLCS in July 2025. The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm95_24/Vnm952024-EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

88

Yugoslavia (1958) Yugoslavia: proposal, UN Doc. A/CONF.13/C.1/L.59, 26 March 1958. United Nations. https://legal.un.org/diplconf_records/1958_los/docs/english/vol_3/a_conf13_c1_l52_85.pdf Accessed 25 Oct 2024

국문 참고자료의 영문표기 English translation / Romanization of references originally written in Korean

1

Kim DS (2020) Theory of international law, 20th edition. Samyeoungsa, Seoul, 1733 p

2

Kim YK (2004) Korea and the law of the sea. 21st Century Books, Seoul, 992 p

3

Kim CK (1973) A study on the archipelago theory. The Korean Journal of International Law 18(1):87-107

4

Seo YM (2023) The conflict of views on international law between China and the west and the development of the international law of the sea. The Korean Journal of International Law 68(4):53-97

10.46406/kjil.2023.12.68.4.053
5

Chung IS (2024) New international law lecture. 14th edition, Parkyoungsa, Seoul, 1344 p

Information
  • Publisher :Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국해양과학기술원
  • Journal Title :Ocean and Polar Research
  • Journal Title(Ko) :Ocean and Polar Research
  • Volume : 47
  • Pages :1-21
  • Received Date : 2024-11-11
  • Revised Date : 2025-03-19
  • Accepted Date : 2025-03-19
  • Published Date : 2025-04-02
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2025003
Journal Informaiton Ocean and Polar Research Ocean and Polar Research
Online Submission
Archives
: 2019 ~ 이전
  • scopus_OPR
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close