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The Vertical Distribution of Zooplankton During Daytime vs. Nighttime in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Northeastern Pacific: Environmental Factors and Their Ecological Implications

북동태평양 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대에서 동물플랑크톤의 주야 수직 분포: 생태학적 의미와 환경 요인의 영향

Hyunjin Yoon13
,
Se-Jong Ju24*
윤 현진13
,
주 세종24*
1Ocean Georesources Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Korea
2Marine Resources & Environment Research Division , Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Korea
3Department of Marine Biology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
4Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
1한국해양과학기술원 대양자원연구부 (49111) 부산광역시 영도구 해양로 385
2한국해양과학기술원 해양자원·환경연구본부 (49111) 부산광역시 영도구 해양로 385
3부경대학교 수산과학대학 해양생물학과 (48513) 부산광역시 남구 용소로 45
4과학기술연합대학원대학교 해양생물학과 (34113) 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 217
*Corresponding Author
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Abstract

To understand the role of zooplankton in terms of the food web and carbon cycle (particularly carbon produced in the surface export to the deep sea) in the open ocean, the vertical distribution of the major taxa and its abundance of zooplankton in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) of the Northeast Pacific were investigated. In March 2019, zooplankton samples were collected from seven depth strata (0–50, 50–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–500, 500–700, and 700–1,000 m) using Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) during both day- and night-time. For carbon biomass analysis, samples were categorized into five size groups (0.2–0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–5 mm, and > 5 mm). The vertical distribution of key environmental parameters were also observed using CTD. Results revealed complex and diverse vertical distribution among zooplankton taxa, with several size groups exhibiting distinct day-night differences in zooplankton biomass. Euphausiids showed the most distinct vertical differences between day- and night-time, with weighted mean depths (WMD) varying significantly between day- and night-time (WMD: 346 m at day-time and WMD: 107 m at night-time). Chaetognaths (WMD variation: 92 m) and copepod Xanthocalanus spp. (WMD variation: 85 m) also displayed notable differences. In contrast, some copepods such as Oncaea spp. and Corycaeus spp. showed minimal day- and night-time vertical differences. Interestingly, ostracods exhibited the reverse pattern of day- and night-time vertical distribution. Among environmental factors, a strong vertical stratification of seawater (pronounced thermocline) and oxygen minimum zone significantly affected zooplankton stratification. The distribution of small copepods strongly correlated with temperature, concentrating in warmer surface waters both day- and night-time. Chlorophyll-a concentration, an indicator of food availability for herbivores, also influenced the distribution of herbivorous zooplankton, particularly with high abundance of those at subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) depths. This study demonstrated that the day- and night-time vertical distribution differences of zooplankton abundance and carbon biomass in the CCFZ exhibited diverse characteristics, influenced by both environmental factors and the inherent biological traits of different zooplankton taxa. These findings would provide to better understand the role of zooplankton not only the pelagic ecosystem but also the mesopelagic one in CCFZ. Furthermore, it will be very useful to assess potential environmental impacts of climate change and future deep-sea mining activity in this region.

Keywords
zooplankton
vertical distribution
mesopelagic
clarion-clipperton fracture zone
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  • Publisher :Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국해양과학기술원
  • Journal Title :Ocean and Polar Research
  • Journal Title(Ko) :Ocean and Polar Research
  • Received Date : 2024-10-14
  • Revised Date : 2024-10-29
  • Accepted Date : 2024-10-30
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2024014
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