Anthropogenic Gadolinium (Gd) Inputs into the Ocean: Review and Future Direction

Intae Kim

doi:10.4217/OPR.2021.43.3.165

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2021 Vol.43, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Review

Anthropogenic Gadolinium (Gd) Inputs into the Ocean: Review and Future Direction 인위적 기원 가돌리늄(gadolinium)의 해양 유입 연구 동향 및 향후 연구 방향

30 September 2021. pp. 165-178

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Abstract

Gadolinium (Gd), one of a rare earth element (REE), has been widely used worldwide since the 1980s, as a resource material for contrast agents injected into examiners of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test. The organic complexed form of Gd shows an extremely stable behavior in natural environment (water), so is known that the artificial Gd from medical uses is not removed from the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and eventually introduced into the ocean through the estuary. Since the 1990s, some previous studies have often been conducted on Gd anomalies in natural water and their effects an artificial origin from land or metropolitan areas, but little research has been potential impacts on the ocean water. In this paper, we review and introduce recent studies related to Gd anomaly in natural water and related marine effects, and also propose the future research directions.

Keywords

gadolinium

rare earth elements

MRI

natural water

WWTP

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Information

Publisher :Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
Publisher(Ko) :한국해양과학기술원
Journal Title :Ocean and Polar Research
Journal Title(Ko) :Ocean and Polar Research
Volume : 43
No :3
Pages :165-178
Received Date : 2021-06-08
Revised Date : 2021-08-18
Accepted Date : 2021-08-21
DOI :https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2021.43.3.165

Ocean and Polar Research ISSN:2234-7313(Online) Ocean and Polar Research

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