• Article

    A New Paradigm of Artificial Neural Network Learning for Atmospheric and Oceanic Predictions: Physics-Informed Neural Networks and Operator Learning

    대기 및 해양 예측을 위한 인공신경망 학습의 새로운 패러다임: 물리정보 신경망과 연산자 학습

    Dong-Hoon Kim, Il-Ju Moon

    김동훈, 문일주

    This study explores the potential of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) and Operator Learning (OL) techniques in advancing scientific computation and prediction. PINNs … + READ MORE
    This study explores the potential of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) and Operator Learning (OL) techniques in advancing scientific computation and prediction. PINNs integrate physical principles into neural network training, enabling accurate modeling and prediction of complex physical systems, even in data-scarce and noisy environments. They have been successfully applied to solve challenging nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), such as Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, and continue to evolve with variants. Meanwhile, OL methods, represented by Deep Operator Network (DeepONet) and Fourier Neural Operator (FNO), focus on learning mappings between function spaces. These methods excel in high-dimensional data processing and have demonstrated remarkable performance in applications such as global atmospheric modeling with NVIDIA’s FourCastNet. Hybrid approaches, such as Physics-Informed DeepONet (PIDON) and Physics-Informed Neural Operator (PINO), combine the strengths of PINNs and OL. These methods leverage data-driven learning and physical constraints, achieving superior generalization and prediction accuracy. Notably, PINO enables zero-shot super-resolution predictions by integrating multi-resolution data with PDE constraints. While PINNs and OL individually present powerful tools for modeling and prediction, their computational cost and sensitivity to noise pose challenges. Hybrid approaches offer a pathway to address these issues by optimizing their integration through quantitative analyses. Future research directions include accelerating training through high-performance computing, extending applications to multiscale problems, and designing innovative loss functions to enhance data efficiency. This work synthesizes the latest advancements in PINNs, OL, and hybrid methods, providing a new paradigm for precise and efficient scientific computation across diverse fields. - COLLAPSE
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    27 February 2025

  • Article

    Characteristics of Global Sea Level Changes during ENSO periods

    ENSO 기간 전 지구 해수면 변화 특징

    Juhye Kang, Hyeonsoo Cha, Jae-Hong Moon

    강주혜, 차현수, 문재홍

    Natural climate variability, such as El Niño and La Niña, can result global sea levels rise or fall over several months, which … + READ MORE
    Natural climate variability, such as El Niño and La Niña, can result global sea levels rise or fall over several months, which leads to rapid sea level changes in coastal areas. Thus, it is very important to identify the causes of sea level fluctuations during the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites and reanalysis data based on Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (Argo) from April 2002 to December 2022 were used to identify the characteristics of land mass and ocean density and examine the contribution of each process to Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) changes during the ENSO period. The results show that the interannual variability of GMSL is highly correlated with ocean mass changes caused by Land Water Storage (LWS), which contributes a larger amount to GMSL than ocean density driven Steric Sea Level (SSL) changes. SSL exhibits significant regional variations, representing the distinct dipole pattern of the tropical Pacific sea levels during the ENSO period. During El Niño period, SSL decreased by about -11 cm in the western tropical Pacific and increased by about 7 cm in the eastern Pacific. In contrast, during La Niña, SSL increased by approximately 10 cm in the tropical western Pacific and decreased by approximately -7 cm in the eastern Pacific. LWS pattern indicated negative anomalies of ​​more than -5 cm in India, eastern China, and northern South America, and positive anomalies of more than ~5 cm in southern China and southeastern South America during El Niño period. During La Niña period, the opposite pattern was observed in these regions. The global LWS and total precipitation showed a high correlation of 0.61 with a lag of 6 months and the land precipitation during the ENSO period exhibited a similar spatial pattern to the LWS. Additionally, we quantified the contribution of LWS to GMSL over the continents. The results showed that Asia has the largest contribution to GMSL rise (39 ± 1.63%) during El Niño, while Africa is the largest contribution to GMSL decrease (53.67 ± 6.13%). - COLLAPSE
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    28 March 2025

  • Article

    Ongoing South China Sea Dispute: Is it Permitted for Continental States to Establish an Archipelagic Regime in their Outlying Archipelagos?

    끝나지 않은 남중국해 분쟁: 대륙국가의 원양군도 체제는 인정될 수 있는가?

    Minchul Kim, Hee Cheol Yang

    김민철, 양희철

    This article explores the controversies between the United States (US) and China regarding the renewed attention given to China’s claims for an … + READ MORE
    This article explores the controversies between the United States (US) and China regarding the renewed attention given to China’s claims for an archipelagic regime encompassing four groups of islands in the South China Sea, following the 2016 arbitral award. It examines whether continental States, rather than archipelagic States, can establish straight baselines enclosing their outlying archipelagos in light of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and contemporary State practice. Following the 2016 South China Sea award, this issue became a key point of sharp debate between the US and China, particularly regarding China’s attempts to justify its claims to maritime jurisdiction within the nine-dash line. Although the claims of continental States for an archipelagic regime were not accepted during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, it cannot be definitively concluded that the practice of continental States establishing straight baselines around their outlying archipelagos is entirely precluded from evolving into customary international law. However, considering current State practice, it is difficult to argue that the recognition of an archipelagic regime for outlying archipelagos by continental States has met the requirements for the formation of a part of customary international law. - COLLAPSE
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    2 April 2025

  • Note

    Short-term Variation Analysis on the Time-series Dissolved Oxygen Data Using the Variance Measures of the Time-difference Variables

    시간차분 변수의 분산측도를 이용한 시계열 용존산소 자료의 단기 변동 분석

    TaeKyun Kim, HongYeon Cho, GiSeop Lee

    김태균, 조홍연, 이기섭

    This study presents a method for analyzing short-term fluctuations in time-series (TS) data, which is essential for ocean monitoring. The proposed approach … + READ MORE
    This study presents a method for analyzing short-term fluctuations in time-series (TS) data, which is essential for ocean monitoring. The proposed approach utilizes statistical measures from time-differenced variables defined across various time lags, linking the standard deviation (SD) with the autocorrelation function (ACF). This connection facilitates the exploration of variability and stationarity. Focusing on variations over a 7-day period, this method is applied to dissolved oxygen concentration data collected from the marine water quality monitoring network at the Nakdong Myeongji and Eulsuk stations, provided by the Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation (KOEM). The findings suggest that the standard deviation of differenced variables exhibits fluctuation patterns consistent with those predicted by the autocorrelation theory. Rapid increases are observed within a time frame of less than 6 hours, followed by gradual changes over longer time scales. Additionally, a periodic decline is noted after approximately 12 hours on a daily scale, indicating cyclic fluctuations within the daily cycle. In conjunction with the standard deviation, robust dispersion measures are introduced to highlight the differences, with a specific emphasis on the median absolute deviation to evaluate the normality of ocean observation data. Consequently, the proposed technique serves as a valuable quantitative analytical tool for assessing diurnal variability in dissolved oxygen concentrations and for testing the assumptions of stationarity and normality in time series data. - COLLAPSE
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    18 April 2025

  • Article

    Improving High-Frequency Ocean Radar Data Quality through FOL Optimization

    FOL 최적화를 통한 고주파 해양레이더 자료 품질 개선

    Seungho Lee, Jae Yeob Kim, Hyuk-Man Cho, Se Young Park

    이승호, 김재엽, 조혁만, 박세영

    The process of detecting and distinguishing the first-order peak (representing ocean currents) and the second-order peak (representing waves) in the Doppler spectrum … + READ MORE
    The process of detecting and distinguishing the first-order peak (representing ocean currents) and the second-order peak (representing waves) in the Doppler spectrum received by HF-Radar systems is referred to as First Order Line (FOL) separation. Accurate identification of the null point between these peaks is crucial for precise current velocity estimation. This study reprocessed radial velocity data using optimized FOL parameters and evaluated the quality improvement by comparing the results with drifter buoy velocity data. The experimental results showed that the optimal FOL parameters varied across different observation stations. However, overall improvements were observed, with increased correlation coefficients and reduced root mean square errors. Additionally, the data coverage area expanded, leading to improved data collection rates. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that optimizing FOL parameters in HF-Radar systems significantly enhances the accuracy and quality of radial velocity data. By adjusting FOL parameters to account for the propagation environment and regional characteristics of each observation station, the reliability and precision of current velocity data can be improved. This suggests a practical approach to broad-scale quality enhancement of HF-Radar data. - COLLAPSE
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    2 May 2025

  • Article

    Challenges to the Antarctic Treaty System in the Era of Climate Crisis and Hegemonic Competition: Korea's Role

    기후 위기와 패권 경쟁 시대, 남극조약 체제에 대한 도전과 한국의 역할

    Ji Hee Kim, Jeong-Hoon Kim, Won-Sang Seo

    김지희, 김정훈, 서원상

    The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) has evolved over the past 60 years, beginning with the Antarctic Treaty itself, overcoming various internal and … + READ MORE
    The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) has evolved over the past 60 years, beginning with the Antarctic Treaty itself, overcoming various internal and external challenges. However, since the Protocol on Environmental Protection came into effect, the adoption of binding environmental protection measures has been significantly delayed, raising concerns and distrust regarding the governance capacity of the ATS. Amid the global climate crisis, the delay in urgent environmental protection measures for safeguarding the Antarctic environment can be attributed to certain consultative parties exercising their veto power annually. This is rooted in the U.S.-China global rivalry extending to Antarctica, conflicts among consultative parties within the system, and different views held by countries like China and Russia on protection proposals by claimant states whose territorial claims were frozen under the Antarctic Treaty. These factors are destabilizing the foundations of the ATS, heightening fears that the treaty may disband due to external pressures and internal conflicts. In the Ross Sea, where the Republic of Korea's Jang Bogo Station, the United States' McMurdo Station, New Zealand's Scott Base, and Italy's Mario Zucchelli Station are already operational, China established its fifth Antarctic station earlier this year. This development has transformed the Ross Sea into a strategic geopolitical hotspot for competing global powers. With the global climate crisis and China's increasing presence intensifying the region, Korea, which has expanded its Antarctic activities, now faces a critical juncture to reflect on its strategic direction for Antarctic activities that serve both national interests and the advancement of the ATS. - COLLAPSE
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    12 May 2025
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